MONGOLIA’S ENERGY TRANSITION: BETWEEN CLIMATE GOALS AND COAL LEGACY

Аннотация

Abstract. Mongolia is at a critical juncture in its energy transition, seeking to reconcile ambitious climate targets with its historical reliance on coal. Coal currently accounts for the majority of electricity generation and industrial energy consumption, making the transformation of the energy system both urgent and complex. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Mongolia’s energy transition, focusing on the potential of renewable energy, the structure of the energy balance, and technological barriers to low-carbon energy deployment. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines energy statistics and analysis of national energy strategies, the study identifies key drivers and constraints for the adoption of solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources. The results indicate that Mongolia has substantial renewable energy potential, particularly in wind and solar; however, the existing coal infrastructure, limited grid capacity, and financial barriers slow the transition. The study demonstrates that effective integration of renewables into the energy system requires grid modernization, optimization of energy flows, and deployment of energy storage technologies. The findings highlight that a successful energy transition in Mongolia could simultaneously achieve low-carbon development and enhance the country’s energy resilience. The practical significance of this research lies in providing evidence-based recommendations for government policy on renewable energy deployment, energy infrastructure modernization, and social equity in the transition process, contributing to a sustainable, environmentally safe, and socially responsible development of Mongolia’s energy sector.